Which factor is least likely to contribute to the emergence of war in societies?

The factor least likely to contribute to the emergence of war in societies is social harmony and cooperation. In contexts where social harmony prevails, individuals and groups are more likely to resolve conflicts peacefully and collaborate effectively. This cooperative environment reduces the likelihood of hostilities developing into warfare, as the community prioritizes mutual support over competition or aggression.

In contrast, the other factors listed can create conditions more conducive to conflict. The development of states often leads to the establishment of power structures and conflicts over resources, territory, or ideology. Surplus food resources can lead to competition for those resources, which may foster tensions between groups. The presence of political systems, especially in the context of unequal power dynamics, can also escalate conflict as they often involve competition for power, dominance, and control.

Thus, social harmony and cooperation stand out as protective factors against the emergence of war, as they promote understanding and conflict resolution rather than division and hostility.