What marked the transition from hunter-gatherer societies to agricultural societies during the Neolithic period?

The transition from hunter-gatherer societies to agricultural societies during the Neolithic period is primarily marked by the establishment of permanent settlements. As humans began to cultivate plants and domesticate animals, they found it increasingly advantageous to stay in one place rather than to follow migratory patterns associated with hunting and gathering. This sedentary lifestyle allowed for the development of farming practices, which led to higher food production and ultimately supported larger populations.

With permanent settlements, communities could create more complex social structures and develop various aspects of culture, including trade, technological advancements, and governance. The ability to settle in a single location also facilitated the construction of durable shelters and storage facilities for surplus food, which further contributed to the stability and growth of these early agricultural societies. Thus, the establishment of permanent settlements was a critical factor in enabling the shift from a nomadic way of life to a more structured agricultural society.