How can social class be manifested according to Haviland?

Social class can be manifested by verbal evaluations and symbolic indicators, as they serve as key ways in which individuals express and identify their social status. Haviland highlights that social class is not solely rooted in economic factors or occupation; rather, it encompasses a broader spectrum of social behaviors, communication styles, and cultural symbols that signify class distinctions.

Verbal evaluations can include the way individuals speak, the language they use, and the values they express, all of which can indicate their social positioning. Symbolic indicators may encompass various aspects of cultural membership, such as clothing, lifestyle choices, etiquette, and even preferences in art and leisure activities. These elements work together to create a nuanced understanding of how class manifests in everyday interactions and perceptions.

In contrast, while kinship bonds and economic transactions can influence social class dynamics, they do not capture the multifaceted ways that class distinctions are expressed and understood in society. Focusing only on occupation limits the complexity of social class to professional identity, overlooking the rich variety of social indicators that reveal class affiliations. Therefore, the emphasis on verbal evaluations and symbolic indicators provides a more comprehensive understanding of how social class operates in social contexts.